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Self-Pacing Techniques in Speed Reading

Speed reading is not a big incomprehensible subject. Professional speed reading classes mainly teach a handful of quick methods that help people focus their attention better. The eyes are drawn to movement. Speed reading methods put that motion on the material being read.
Your starting position is essential. You should sit up straight, grip the book down with your left hand, and use your right hand to do the pacing.
You should already be an able reader before you try to speed read. Speed reading will not help you if you have problems in understanding the meaning of the words. In fact, it may be fruitless for you to try to rush through things that you can't comprehend. You should have the basics down already first.
Before you start speed reading, you should do a survey of the data first and foremost to get a general idea of what you will be undertaking and of the type of writing. The self-pacing methods below used in speed reading can help in increasing focus and understanding. They can also help in breaking the habit of reading and reading again.
The Hand Technique
The first technique is to simply place your right hand on the page and slowly move it straight down the page, drawing your eyes down as you read. Keep an equal, gradual motion, as if your right hand has its own free will. Your eyes may not be exactly where your hand is, but this simple movement will allow you to go faster. Don't start, read a little, stop, read a little, start, read a little. Keep the movement slow and easy. Only do it once per page. If you are "left-handed," use your left hand as the dominant pacing hand.
The Finger Technique
Lift your fingers and make two even bounces on each line. Each time you bounce, you are ought to be making a fixation of about sets of 3-4 words. This should be done with a balance arm muscle and not just wiggling the wrist.
The Card Technique
The next method is to utilize a card or a folded-up piece of paper on top of the line of print to block the words after you read them. Move it down the page slowly and evenly, and try to read the lines before you cover the words up. This helps break the habit of reading a line of text over and over again. It helps you pay more attention the first time. Be sure to push the card down quicker than you think you can go. Slide the card down once per page.
The Sweep Technique
Another tactic is to use your hand to help draw your eyes across the page. Slightly cup your right hand. Keep your fingers together. With a very loose and fluid motion, sweep your fingers from left to right, underlining the line with the tip of your tallest finger from about an inch in and an inch out on each line. Use your whole arm to move, balancing on your arm muscle. Imagine that you are dusting off dirt from the page.

Speed Reading Tips
⦁ Once you start reading, don't stop! Read the text straight through. If you have any question after you have completed reading the material, go back and reread the relevant sections.
⦁ Reread the marked sections of the text (the items you indicated that you didn�t quite understand).
⦁ Write a small summary at the beginning of the chapter � consisting about 3-4 sentences. If you ever need to return to the text, the information is much more easily found with summary markings.
⦁ Read once. You can't read everything all at once (and wouldn't want to). If it's important, read it now. If it's not, let it wait.
⦁ Read the title and the first paragraph more carefully than the other parts of the section.
⦁ If there is a summary at the end of a chapter, read it.
⦁ Get a grasp of how the material is organized.
⦁ If you need more background, seek another source.
⦁ A paper and a pen at hand while reading are helpful. Make sure to have both beside you before beginning to read.
⦁ Use the cursor on computer as a pointer when you read text on the screen. The cursor will then act as a finger, and your eyes will most likely follow for moving object.
⦁ Use a guide (pencil, finger, ruler, etc.) to stop regression.
⦁ Train yourself to bypass your automatic response to mentally speak each word. Instead, read words and phrases at a time, using only the peripheral vision.
⦁ When you are reading, it is often useful to highlight, underline, and annotate the text as you go on. This emphasizes information in the mind, and helps you to recall important details after reading the material.
⦁ Underline relevant information in a section as if you were preparing brief notes from which you could study.
⦁ Underline all definitions of terminology.
⦁ Mark or label examples that represent main ideas.
⦁ Circle and box special vocabulary words and transitional words and phrases.
⦁ Number important or sequential ideas.
⦁ Jot down paraphrases, questions, and summaries in available spaces within the text.

What Causes Slow Reading?
⦁ Reading word per word
⦁ Longer time in reading chunks of words
⦁ Eyes going back to a word or sentence previously read
⦁ Unable to recognize and respond immediately to the material
⦁ Slow vocalization and comprehension
⦁ Incorrect eye movements and regression
⦁ Slow reading habits due to past reading experiences
⦁ Inattentiveness and absent-mindedness during reading
⦁ Lack of practice and interest in reading
⦁ Spending a lot of time on individual words to be able to sustain comprehension
⦁ Poor recognition of important and unimportant things
⦁ Remembering everything rather than selectively
Notice that these conditions also act to reduce comprehension. Thus, increasing your reading rate by eliminating all these may also result to increased comprehension.

Tips for Increasing Reading Rate
⦁ Improve your vocabulary. Expose yourself with new words so when you encounter them, you won�t spend more time figuring out what they mean.
⦁ Know your reading purpose. For main ideas only, skimming the material is already enough.
⦁ Read faster by reading with the mind instead of with the lips.
⦁ Read more! Take 15 minutes of your time a day reading an average size novel, magazines, or other books.
⦁ Everyday, increase your reading rate by reading faster (about 2 to 3 times faster) than your normal speed.
⦁ If reading concentration is poor, practice reading for 5 to 10 minutes only at a time. Gradually increase this rate over time.

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Chapter 4
Suggestions for Improving Speed and Effectiveness
Slow, word-by-word, critical reading is an essential part of some reading tasks. However, when time and purpose is being considered, you must learn to adjust your reading speed and effectiveness. Thus, speed reading is not applicable to all types of reading situations. Learning the skill will, however, enable you to add an additional dimension to the scope of your current reading skills.

Major Causes of Slow Reading Speed
Individual variables such as intelligence, motivation, and physiological and psychological traits cause slow reading speed. Also included are:
⦁ Deficiencies in vocabulary and comprehension levels required by the particular reading material greatly affects reading rate. Learning will not help a student who has difficulty understanding the reading material. In addition, learning will not help a student who is hindered by an inadequate vocabulary to skip any faster through unknown or vaguely defined words.
⦁ Inflexibility � the tendency to read everything the same way regardless of what it is, why it is being read, etc.
⦁ Passivity � the failure to become involved with the material being read; the failure to interact with the author and to anticipate his following thoughts.
⦁ Unnecessary and habitual regression or re-reading due to lack of concentration.
⦁ Habitually slow "reaction time" to reading material � a general "rut" which makes attempts at faster reading extremely uncomfortable at first.

Where to Begin ... with Your Next Reading Assignment
⦁ Determine your PURPOSE for reading: What type of information do you really need the most? How long do you have to keep the information in mind? How useful this selection will be? Why was this reading assigned?
⦁ Be FLEXIBLE. Difficulty of the material and your purpose are the two factors that determine how to read a selection. Readers, especially college students, must realize that there are a number of reading speeds, not just one. These speeds must vary with the nature of the reading task � whether they are for leisure, as a review for tomorrow�s exam, etc. � and the reader's familiarity with the materials.
⦁ PREVIEW the selection to be aware of its depth: Are you familiar with the field of study being discussed in your reading material? How many essential words are in it? Scan the introductions, subheads, italicized sentences, marginal notes, and conclusion first. Then, try to grasp the general thought structure the author wants to convey by integrating isolated clues.
⦁ READ
1. Make use of the head start you got during your preview.
2. Read for ideas and concepts, not for isolated words only. Pace yourself fast enough that you have to read concepts, not words!
3. Concentrate � if you push your rate up to capacity, you won't have time to think about other things. Set reasonable but stiff time goals and race the clock.
4. Think, interpret, and analyze the FIRST time you read. Avoid unnecessary re-reading.
5. Note key words (subjects, verbs, objects). TELEGRAPH the message to yourself.
6. Pace yourself as fast as your purpose will permit. Pacing will discourage the tendency toward habitual and unnecessary re-reading and helps to keep your attention focused on the page. Try using one or several of the SELF-PACING METHODS discussed earlier. It might be uncomfortable and unnatural at first, but becomes most effective after the "newness" wears off.
⦁ STRETCH when your momentum seems to be slowing down. Stop, close your eyes, and squeeze them together tightly for a second, then open them wide. Play around for a few minutes by pacing yourself through "simulated" reading of a book held upside down, page by page, at extremely rapid speeds JUST TO GET THE FEEL OF rapid, rhythmic movement down the page again. With new momentum established, turn the book right side up again and continue reading at your fastest possible speed.
⦁ TEST yourself. Stop at the end of each "section" of material and recall periodically what you have just read. For materials in which you must remember for a certain period of time, practice reading quickly and efficiently with the intent to recall the important information at the end of each chapter, section, or paragraph � depending upon the difficulty of the material. Make notes or underline if appropriate.

Effective Reading Methods
Reading Daily News Method
News is redundant � previewed yesterday, detailed today, and still will be summed up tomorrow. Thus, readers tend to not read news articles as extensively as other technical materials. Using this style of reading, called the Reading News Method, to other materials is useful. It disregards redundant information to save time.
You use the Reading News Method when you�re reading from a report, newspaper, magazine, or newsletter. You skip what you already know and read only the new information you need.
Reading Newspapers Method
In reading newspaper articles, look through the headlines and first paragraphs only. Reporters present 80% of the key information of the news in the opening paragraph. The subsequent supporting text should be read only as needed. Follow these strategies:
⦁ Ask yourself what other specific details you want.
⦁ Skim the article for the desired details. Don't read all the words unless you have enough time.
⦁ When finished with an article, go on to the next. This whole process should not take more than 10-15 minutes.
Close Reading Method
Close reading is the essence of the academic learning. It aims to acquire knowledge from materials with full retention of details. It divides into a number of separate steps, each vital, but ends as a whole.
Before reading a difficult piece of writing, take a few moments to close your eyes, relax, and take 2-3 deep breaths. This way, you can get all the comfort you will need in reading. Believe that you can read with full concentration, recognize key information, and achieve high comprehension quickly to accomplish the needs. Believe you can, and you will.
This may simply sound like "positive mental attitude." But realization of everything begins with affirmation, doesn�t it?
Exploratory Reading Method
Exploratory reading is the halfway point between skimming and close reading. It is similar to pleasure reading. You want to acquaint yourself with the subject, but you do not need complete understanding and retention. Perhaps you are reading supplementary material that you will not be held accountable for, or perhaps you only need to gain general knowledge from a text that will be available if you need to look up specific references.
Reading to Learn Method
Intensive reading or reading to learn is the style we employ when we want to gain a detailed understanding of the information contained in any reading materials, particularly educational or technical ones.
Following are some strategies on reading different academic materials that belong to this category:
1. Reading Computer Books
⦁ Spend some time reading the chapter headings and sub-headings from the index page.
⦁ Get familiar with the framework of the book � how the book is organized and broken down into its sub-components.
⦁ Skim the book: Read a sentence here, a sentence there. Look at a diagram here, a diagram there.
⦁ Look for new terminology, diagrams, and graphs that you haven't come across before.
⦁ After skimming the book, read the entire book through superficially. During this time, only concentrate on the sections of the book that you already know or understand, and completely skip over entries in the book that you don't.
⦁ Lastly, read the book again and this time, study the material. A lot of the content, the structure, and the feel of the book will be familiar to you. You should be able to tackle the entire book much easier.
2. Reading Textbooks and Research Reports
⦁ Determine a purpose. What is it that you want to get from the printed page? Terms and definitions? Problem and solution? Research method?
⦁ Preview the printed pages to see how the ideas are organized. These include the title, the introduction, and the headings. Also, read the conclusion if there is one.
⦁ Read rapidly, only slowing down when you approach something relevant to the purpose you set.
⦁ Mark the lines or words that you want to remember. When you reach the end of the last page, quickly look back at the marked text for a rapid review. This should answer the question or purpose that you set before you started reading.
3. Reading a Novel
⦁ Read any information on the book cover or in the foreword that gives you ideas about the content of the story or about the author's reasons for writing the book.
⦁ Read the first chapter slowly and carefully. It should introduce the main characters and the problem or conflict that they face. The first chapter also develops some character traits and introduces other characters who influence attempts to resolve issues.
⦁ Plan how much of the book you will read at one sitting. If you become seriously restless after thirty minutes, plan to read for thirty minutes at a time. A more mature plan is to read one chapter at a time.
⦁ Determine what time of day you will always read making it a regular habit.
⦁ If reading a novel is an assignment for a book report, write a summary paragraph about the events in every chapter you have finished reading. Add a comment about anything else you think is significant. After you finish the last chapter, you should have a summary of the entire book composed of those chapter summaries that you wrote. Organizing it will then give you a good and effective book report.
⦁ You can also use a pacer such as the finger or a pen point to increase reading speed and reduce regressing back although it is not necessary. Remember, you are reading fiction and do not need the detailed precision that you do while reading academic subjects.
4. Reading Math Books
⦁ First and foremost, do homework exercises even if most professors do not require you to submit them. Home works are for your benefit, not the professor's. The exercises will train your mind and sharpen your intuition.
⦁ Math books are meant to be read slowly. No one who speed reads them can expect to get any benefit out of them at all.
⦁ Math books are meant to be read with paper and pencil in hand. Use the paper and pencil to work through any steps that the book skips over.
⦁ Go over each difficult paragraph several times. If you are still uncomfortable with it, read ahead a page or so, then come back to the difficult passage.
⦁ Try to see more than just procedures. Learn the concepts, and the procedures will seem obvious.
Activate Reading Method
During activation, you stimulate the brain, probing the mind with questions and exploring parts of the text to which you feel most attracted. You then concentrate on the most important parts of the text by scanning quickly down the center of each page or column of type. When you feel it is appropriate, you dip into the text for more focused reading to comprehend the details. When you activate, you involve your whole brain, connect the text with your conscious awareness, and achieve your goals for reading.
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Chapter 5
Human Mind and Vocalization

The human brain is divided into 2 primary parts, namely:
⦁ Pronouncing of the words are produced in the Brok Zone, or slowly speed operation zone.
⦁ Operation with words and its understanding are created in another zone called the Vernike Zone, or the speed operation zone.
Both zones of the brain are being used during reading activities (even when you don�t pronounce the words). Slow brain operation + Speed brain operation = Slow operation. The zones responsible for pronunciation of the words reduce speed-read.
Vernike zone is found in the first temple convolutions of the brain. This part of the brain does not work with acoustic information. It is connected with crust of the brain (visual analyzer) but do not get visual information from the eyes.
It is responsible for understanding another person's speech. In addition, it is used in forming and shaping the main idea of speaking. It is not used for selecting words, but only ideas of speech. When this zone is damaged, one cannot understand what other people say.
On the other hand, the Brok zone is located in the third coronal brain. The motor images of the words are stored in this part of the brain. This zone is responsible for making man understand what another person speaks of, although he is unable to pronounce anything. Even when the Brok zone is damaged, phonemic ear will not be broken and he can still clearly repeat the words.

Subvocalization is a Necessity
The reason subvocalization, or silent reading, is not being advised by teachers is because professional academics believe it is unnecessary.
The three areas of the brain involved in such activity (excluding our eyes) are the Auditory Association Area (AAA) that handles complex processing of sound, Vernicke�s Area (VA) that gives us comprehension of written and spoken language, and Brok�s Area (BA) that creates speech production and articulation. In simpler terms, without subvocalization (or auditory reinforcement), there is no reading nor understanding of the spoken word. Subvocalization is a necessity, but not for every word, just for the ones not within our vocabulary.

Subvocalization: Good or Bad?
Subvocalization is the tendency to pronounce words as they are read. Activating parts of the brain related to pronouncing limits the reading speed to 250 wpm only. This common flaw is what limits performance of average readers.
On the other hand, subvocalization is not always such a bad thing. Although it helps slow things down, it has a number of benefits rather than disadvantages. At the same time that verbalization reduces your reading speed, subvocalization might help in retaining information, simply because it repeats the ideas as they are formed in your mind.
Slowing down to subvocalize may either help you find meaning or may only provide meaningless distraction depending upon the source. Sometimes, it may be wise to choose to comprehend without listening. However, there are times when we may not comprehend without listening.
The trouble with this is that you tend to lose a certain amount of processing on the info. If you speak this way, it may result in the phenomenon of "opening your mouth without thinking."

Eliminating Subvocalization to Increase Reading Speed
Although subvocalization may be advantageous in certain ways, it limits your reading to the speed of normal speech to about 200-300 wpm only � not to be considered a �good� reading rate.
So how can we get rid of the �inner voice� that reduces our reading speed? Here are a number of ways to speed-read by eliminating subvocalization:
⦁ Short cut the process.

As discussed earlier, below-average readers are slowed down when they read word for word. From this, they either verbally or mentally hear themselves voice each word before finally comprehending the meaning of each word. However, there is a better way. The faster way eliminates the practice of hearing your own voice reading each word - you glance at the word and go directly to understanding its meaning.
⦁ Adjust the pacing.
This actually reinforces initial efforts to shortcut the process as stated above. Step up eye movements across the page to prevent the inner voice from actually verbally or mentally saying the text you are reading. Pick-up the pace of the finger, hand, pen, or card movements as you go over the material. The objective here is to distract you and skip the subvocalization process in order to speed up the reading process.
⦁ Always look at the reading material in its entirety.
When reading, people have the tendency to focus on the word or blocks of words only, paying no attention to the whole thought and idea expressed in the sentence, paragraph, and reading material as a whole. Shift the focus on the entire idea expressed in the book, article, or any reading material you are holding.
Constant practice with these techniques increases the number of words read at each eye stop and picks up your pace in reading.

Do You Vocalize Words in your Mind as You Read?
When you�re reading a book, can you hear your voice as if you�re the narrator of the story? If you don�t, then good for you. You don�t have to undergo a process of eliminating the voice within the inner you that silently pronounces the words you�re reading.
But for those who habitually talk or pronounce words as they read, how is it not to vocalize?
Don�t attempt to eliminate subvocalization just to enhance your reading skills. Because many individuals talk faster than they can read, subvocalization is still necessary in improving reading speeds. The key to using subvocalization to its advantage is to subvocalize only the essential words. Isn�t it that when you are reading something that you�ve already read before, or have been reading many times, so that you are already familiar with what it�s saying, you can just look at the words and immediately recognize what it says without having to hear them?

Eliminate the Habit of Pronouncing Words as You Speed Read
One key to reading at a much faster rate is learning not to mouth the words while trying to read. It is important to develop the habit of seeing the words, but not reading them to yourself. The rate in which you speak is a lot slower than the rate in which you are capable of reading. Try to see the words instead of mouthing each individual word.
Instead of seeing a book during reading, your brain hears a voice that pronounces the word sounds printed on the page. Quite simply, you don't see a book - you hear it. This is what happens to most of us when reading; but it shouldn�t be the case. Vision is faster and more powerful than hearing. By becoming a visual reader, you will instantly increase your reading speed. Let's begin this process together.
Eliminate the habit of pronouncing words as you read. If you sound out words in your throat or whisper them, you can read slightly only as fast as you can read aloud. You should be able to read most materials at least two or three times faster silently than orally. If you are aware of sounding or "hearing" words as you read, try to concentrate on key words and meaningful ideas as you force yourself to read faster.
The eyes move across the written page in a series of quick jumps, or what we have defined earlier as fixation. By speeding up the eye movements, the eyes make fewer fixations and take in more words per fixation. This helps break the habit of subvocalization, since your eyes will be moving faster than you can possibly subvocalize.

Stop Talking to Yourself When You Speed Read
Don't read aloud to yourself. Generally, reading aloud to yourself does not help you study more effectively. If you move your lips while you read, you're not reading efficiently. If you read aloud or move your lips while you're reading, you are reading slowly, so stop moving your lips. Try putting a finger over your lips. Your finger will remind you not to move your lips. Make an effort to read faster and retain more. After a while, you'll be surprised how little effort it will take.
Getting back to reading and how we learn, one of the biggest reasons why we learned to read incredibly slow in the first place is that as a child in school, we learned to read by sounding out the words. When we pronounce the words, we have to read with the tongue. Our tongue can only pronounce about 200 to 400 words a minute. According to the 'latest' research, our memory is not stored in our tongue.
People talk to themselves in 2 ways, by:
⦁ Vocalizing, which is the actual moving of your lips as you read
⦁ Subvocalizing, which is talking to yourself in your head as you silently read
Both of these will slow you down to the point in which you find that you can't read any faster than you can speak. Speech is a relatively slow activity; for most, the average speed is about 250 wpm.

Chunk Four Words
Humans speak one word at a time, and not four words at the same time. Chunking the phrase �speed reading is necessary,� we get: speedreadingisnecessary. With this, sub-vocalization is reduced, thus requiring us to pronounce a four-word phrase to a single word.
Chunking is the process of looking at groups of words using our peripheral vision. The more we take in words simultaneously, say 4 to 5 words at a time, the more we ruin the pronunciation of words�until, eventually, sub-vocalization is totally distorted.

Use of a Pen or Finger
Using a pen or a finger as a reading tool is actually optional rather than necessary. In fact, some experts discourage this artificial way of pacing oneself. According to them, following a pen, finger, or any other tool moving across a page with your eyes while reading could make it impossible to grasp everything you ought to read because everything becomes a blur! Isn�t it that absorbing larger chunks of words per line at a time is actually the idea behind developing your reading speed?

Chapter 6
Getting the Main Idea
Getting the main idea in reading is central to effective studying. You must learn what the author's central idea is and understand it in your own way. Every paragraph contains a main idea. Main ideas are perfect for outlining textbooks. Make it a habit to find the main idea in each paragraph you read.

Extracting Important Details
Extracting important details means that you locate in your reading the main and most significant ideas. There is usually one important detail associated with every main idea. The more important details you can identify, the easier it will be to review for examinations. This is because you have made a link between an idea and information that supports it. The more links you can make between details and ideas, as well as ideas themselves, the more powerful will be the efforts of your study.
The first things to ask yourself are: �Why you are reading the text? Are you reading with a purpose or just for pleasure? What do you want to know after reading it?� In other words, identify your purpose.
Once you know this, you can examine the text to see whether it is going to move you towards this goal. An easy way of doing this is to look at the introduction and the chapter headings. The introduction should let you know whom the book is targeted at, and what it seeks to achieve. Chapter headings will give you an overall view of the structure of the subject.
After grasping ideas from chapter introductions, ask yourself whether the book meets your needs. Ask yourself if it assumes too much or too little knowledge. If the book is not ideal, would it be better to find a better one?
Take 1-2 minutes to skim through the paragraphs to find the core idea. Know what is being expressed. Know what you need. Read lightly and flexibly. Slow down to fulfill your purpose, answering questions that are most important to you. Since very few words carry the meaning, speed up to pass redundant or useless information.

How "So What� Questions Help in Speed Reading
Appreciation is a very simple but powerful technique for extracting the maximum amount of information from a simple fact.
Starting with a fact, ask the question �So what?� - i.e. What are the implications of that fact? Keep on asking that question until all possible inferences have been drawn. Let�s take, for instance, a military example shown below:
⦁ Fact: It rained heavily last night
⦁ So what?
⦁ The ground will be wet
⦁ So what?
⦁ It will turn into mud quickly
⦁ So what?
⦁ If many troops and vehicles pass over the same ground, movement will be progressively slower and more difficult as the ground gets muddier and more difficult.
⦁ So what?
Ask questions for learning. The important things to learn are usually answers to questions. Questions should lead to emphasis on the what, why, how, when, who and where of study content. Ask the questions as you read or study.
As you answer them, you will help to make sense of the material and remember it more easily because the process will make an impression on you. Those things that make impressions are more meaningful, and therefore more easily remembered. Don't be afraid to write the questions in the margins of textbooks, on lecture notes, or any available spaces. The more these notes are accessible to you, the more you will be able to remember and learn them quickly.

Be an Active Reader
Before you even look at the text, scan it, and read it, ask first the question, "What am I going to learn here? What is the author's conclusion? How does the author present the topic? What are the key points to the argument?" Such questions function to engage you in the activity. If you ask a question in a lecture, you always remember the answer to the question. Similarly, if you become an �active reader,� you are much more likely to retain the information that you amass.

Answer the Questions at the End of each Chapter
Most academic textbooks that students own contain exercises or quizzes at the end of each chapter to evaluate them on how much they have learned during the whole reading activity. It would be very helpful to answer these questions. If you have come across an item in which you can�t really answer, go back and read.
Think about the text in three ways.
1. Consider the text itself, the basic information right there on the page. (This is the level of most high school readers and many college students).
2. Next, think about what is between the lines, the conclusions, and inferences the author means you to draw from the text.
3. Finally, go beyond thinking about the text. What creative, new, and different thoughts occur as you combine the knowledge and experiences with the ideas in the reading?

Question While You Are Surveying
⦁ Make questions out of the titles, headings, and/or subheadings;
⦁ Read and study questions as each chapter ends;
⦁ Ask the question, "Why did my instructor assign us to read this chapter or section?"
⦁ Ask the question, "How familiar am I about this subject?"
This variation belongs to what we call the SQ3R Method. This method has been a proven way to sharpen study skills.
Stop reading periodically to recall what you have read. Try to recall main headings, important ideas of concepts presented in bold or italicized type, and what graphs charts or illustrations indicate. Try to develop an overall concept of what you have read. Try to connect things you have just read to things you already know. When you do this periodically, the chances are you will remember much more and be able to recall material for papers, essays, and objective tests.

Reading Critically
If you are not satisfied with the basic understanding of a text, this advice sheet will give you some ideas on how to read between the lines. In other words, you will be able to distinguish opinions from facts; and you will be able to form your own judgment on the issues raised in a text. This advice sheet will also give you advice on how to make use of text organization to understand a text.
Recite After Each Section
⦁ Ask the questions about what you have just read, and/or summarize what you read even in your own words.
⦁ While recalling ideas from the text, use your own words in discussing.
⦁ Underline (some even use highlighters or colored markers) important ideas in the text.
⦁ Know what method of recitation best suits your learning style. Remember: you are more likely to recall what you have read when you use more, if not all, of your senses.
What Types of Reading Reflect Flexibility?
Preparation for a very difficult and unfamiliar course or for a new and complex scientific theory may demand that you read to remember everything. Here you are probably reading about 200 to 250 words per minute. You read small groups of words and frequently reread for clarification. You may find yourself mouthing the words. In these situations, you read to remember everything.
Working on a research project may demand that you read a wide range of related literature in search of possible solutions to problems or of new information to support or deny an issue. Many of the ideas in these materials will be familiar to you. In fact, ideas that appeared on one source may also appear on the other. But since you are looking for the new and different, this allows you to race rapidly over the known information and to slow down to analyze the new. Consequently, you need a strategy that allows you to efficiently tackle each document.
Spare time may allow you to relax with a good novel or a favorite magazine. Pleasure reading appears to demand very little of you. But you often carefully skim over the descriptions of the scenery to focus on the action of the main characters. Those who delight in a leisurely perusal of the Sunday morning newspaper often skip articles by noting the headlines and moving on to topics of interest.
What Factors Outside Your Control Influence Your Speed of Reading?
Background knowledge about certain subjects has a powerful influence and helps on your reading speed. If you already know a lot about the topic of the material, you may glance at it and discard it as a waste of time. Alternatively, you may race through the reading, mentally predicting what comes next. You do not reread anything because you feel confident that you understand it. No vaguely recognized words can slow you down.
On the other hand, if you do not know much about the subject, you must read slowly in an attempt to absorb the new ideas and eventually lock them down together with the old information you already know. Occasionally, vocabulary becomes the greater problem. You may have to reach for the dictionary for clarification. You may reread a sentence or a paragraph to figure out what the author is suggesting.
A problem for people who use English as a second language is that they have the knowledge, but they don't have the equivalent English word translation for what they know. Children who have not been read to before entering school are at a disadvantage when they enter first grade and try to learn to read. They know English, but they don't know "book talk." Written English is different from spoken English. Similarly, people who grew up speaking a different dialect or a different language often must slow down as they read to adjust to the sentence structure of standard written English. Here, frequent reading of popular or of professional materials, though boring and uninteresting, strengthens your comprehension of standard written sentence structure.

Tips for Developing Good Eyesight
Good eyesight is an important factor in developing effective reading skills. To make sure your children develop both good eyesight and the visual skills needed for reading while using the computer, consider the following reminders:
1. Remember that "eyesight" is different from "vision". The former is the ability to "see" (which most children are born with) while the latter is the ability to organize, interpret, and understand what is actually seen. Vision is developed and learned like other abilities such as walking and talking. Your children require both good "eyesight" and good "vision" to become excellent readers � not just either of the two, as they are not the same.
2. 20/20 eyesight doesn�t always mean that your children see the printed page or computer screen the same way you do. It is actually the distance sight indicator and simply means that your children can see a certain size of letter from 20 feet away. It is not at all related to reading at near point. To monitor problems on vision grades, have your children read aloud to you often, to insure that what they see on the printed page and computer screen is the same thing you are seeing.
3. Good vision means that your children are being able to use both of their eyes as a team to track smoothly from line to line, see at far and near, copy from a book to paper, keep letters in proper order, and much more. Any disturbing behavior in the visual process can affect reading, especially if the visual memory is under stress due to excessive computer, TV, or gadgets use.
4. Train your children to look away from the computer screen and focus on something in the distance every few minutes while using the computer. Also, check to see whether their head is too close to the screen.
5. On a regular basis, let your children play catch outside, ride a bike, and participate in sports. These activities can improve crucial reading abilities like tracking, focusing, peripheral vision, eye teaming, and eye-hand coordination. These can strengthen near- and far- point vision. Many of these skills are not typically learned during sustained computer use.
6. Limit children�s computer use. Children, especially those under three years of age, should not be used to staring at the computer screen as it can ruin their eyesight while still at a very young age. Instead, they should be exposed more on developmental skills not involving computers like crawling, walking, talking, spatial awareness, tracking, and focusing, among others.

Speed Reading Calculating
To monitor if you�re making progress in increasing your reading speed, you should know how to calculate it. Don�t worry! There is a simple way in doing this. In reading a page of a book at a comfortable tempo, count the number of words in the first few lines � whatever number of lines you feel is representative of the page as a whole. Count the total number of lines in the page, as well. The following formula can help you calculate your reading speed:
Divide the number of lines in the page by the number of lines used for the word count.
Multiply it by the number of words in the word count.
Finally, divide the answer by the number of minutes it took you to read the page.
Easy, isn�t it? Only 3 simple mathematical processes are what it takes to know your reading speed! Then again, if you increase the number of lines in which you do the word count, or the number of pages you read, the accuracy of your calculation will increase as well. However, one page is usually enough.
The average reading speed is about 265 wpm, though it usually ranges from 250 to slightly over 300.
To measure reading speed rate, consider a certain reading material and select a section of text from it. Mark the beginning of the selection you decided to read. Read for a particular length of time � use a timer or watch to help you time your activity � or for a certain amount of text (about three to five paragraphs or one page). Also, mark the end of the selection and note the total time you spent reading.
To measure the level of comprehension, recall main ideas from the selection. The rule is if you have read a particular text in a reading material for three minutes, you should remember three main points. If you have reads for five minutes, you should be able to know five main ideas.
Count the number of words from the beginning to the ending mark. Divide this total number of words by the number of minutes you spent reading. This is now your rate of reading expressed in words per minute. There are actually two simple steps involved in performing your speed test: a selection to read and the time it takes for you to read it.
The best way to calculate the number of words without counting it one by one is using estimation. Turn to a �full� page in your book, somewhere which is not the beginning or end of a chapter. Pick a full line at random and count the number of words. Usually, this line will consist of 10 to 12 words. Then, count the number of lines in the page so that if you multiply the first number you have to it, you will have an estimate of the number of words per page in that particular book. However, this will vary from book to book, so you should make a new calculation when you use a different book.
To illustrate the above procedures, let�s say you are going to do a five-minute speed reading test. Be sure to have your clock ready or have a friend time you. Mark the part in your book you will start reading with a pencil or take note of the page number. Signal your timekeeper to begin reading for understanding. When the 5 minutes is up, stop and mark your position on the final page. Go back then to your starting page and count the total number of pages you have read.
Multiply this number by the number of words per page calculated earlier. If you haven�t finished reading all the words on the final page, just add the number of words you have read on it on the product you got by multiplying the number of pages by the total number of words in each page. The over-all answer is actually the number of words you have read in 5 minutes. Finally, divide this number by 5 to get your words per minute.
Note that it is advisable to start reading at the beginning of a chapter so that the effect of half pages is minimized. Do not worry too much about the �exact� number of words read as the estimates are reasonably accurate, and it is the increases in your reading speed that you will find most interesting.

Double Your Reading Speed
In today's business world, ordinary reading skills are not sufficient for you to keep up with the increasing amount of information. If you read at 200-250 words per minute, like most people, you are at a great disadvantage. Learning how to read quickly is actually not difficult and many people will improve their reading speed just by understanding what goes on in their eyes when they read.
What is also important, besides reading quickly, is to understand the information read and how to retain that information. What good is a speed reader if he doesn�t understand a thing he reads? Thus, high-speed reading, together with complete comprehension, gives you an opportunity to reach your highest potential as a leader in your field of work.
Information is power. The more you know, the more powerful you become.
To be at the cutting edge of your business, you have to know more than others in your field. Fortunately, information is abundant and obtaining it is as easy as a few clicks on your computer. The challenge is gathering and deciphering useful data that gives you the lead.
High-speed reading is one of your most important tools to gain ample information that may make other people see that you deserve to be recognized
Many of the most successful business people you know are probably speed readers. They have to be quick to effectively deal with all the information necessary to run successful organizations and businesses. Though they may not talk about their high-speed reading skills, we are certain that those are what brought them to where they are now. They might not be telling you because they don�t want to reveal their advantage over you! It�s their edge.

Conclusion
All people have their own individual weaknesses. Some may find it as one of their enemies and some may find it as a hindrance to growth.
But we must all remember that every weakness has a solution, and overcoming a weakness can lead to improvement. For speed reading, I suggest that you first search what hinders you from achieving your goal. Find out the best way to overcome that weakness and apply the appropriate tips and suggestions discussed in this book.
Speed reading is one of the best ways to improve not only your reading and comprehension skills, but also your memory. It can enrich your vocabulary of words.
Try to apply the techniques suggested in this book. You will not only improve, but will also find yourself learning more and exceeding.